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How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps and Examples
A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If y'all want to test a human relationship between two or more things, you need to write hypotheses before you offset your experiment or data collection.
Case hypothesis
Daily apple tree consumption leads to fewer doctor's visits.
What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis states your predictions about what your inquiry will find. Information technology is a tentative respond to your enquiry question that has not even so been tested. For some research projects, y'all might have to write several hypotheses that address unlike aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is non but a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to exist testable, which means yous can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).
Variables in hypotheses
Hypotheses propose a relationship betwixt two or more variables. An contained variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.
Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor's visits.
In this instance, the independent variable is apple consumption — the assumed cause. The dependent variable is the frequency of doctor'due south visits — the causeless effect.
Developing a hypothesis
1. Inquire a question
Writing a hypothesis begins with a inquiry question that y'all want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable inside the constraints of your project.
Do students who attend more lectures go better examination results?
ii. Exercise some preliminary inquiry
Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Await for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will observe.
At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to place which variables you will study and what you lot think the relationships are between them.
3. Codify your hypothesis
Now y'all should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.
Attending more lectures leads to better exam results.
4. Refine your hypothesis
Y'all demand to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. At that place are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms y'all use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:
- The relevant variables
- The specific group being studied
- The predicted effect of the experiment or analysis
v. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways
To identify the variables, you tin can write a simple prediction inif…then form. The first part of the sentence states the contained variable and the second role states the dependent variable.
If a get-go-yr pupil starts attending more lectures, then their exam scores will improve.
In academic research, hypotheses are more than commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you direct state the predicted relationship between variables.
The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their exam scores.
If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what divergence you await to observe between them.
First-yr students who attended most lectures will have amend test scores than those who attended few lectures.
6. Write a null hypothesis
If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing, you will likewise have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no clan between the variables. The goose egg hypothesis is written equally H0, while the culling hypothesis is H1 or Ha.
H0: The number of lectures attended by outset-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
H1: The number of lectures attended by commencement-yr students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.
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Hypothesis examples
| Enquiry question | Hypothesis | Nix hypothesis |
|---|---|---|
| What are the health benefits of eating an apple a twenty-four hours? | Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will result in decreasing frequency of medico'south visits. | Increasing apple consumption in over-60s will have no effect on frequency of doctor's visits. |
| Which airlines take the most delays? | Low-cost airlines are more likely to have delays than premium airlines. | Low-cost and premium airlines are equally likely to have delays. |
| Can flexible piece of work arrangements better chore satisfaction? | Employees who have flexible working hours volition report greater job satisfaction than employees who work stock-still hours. | There is no relationship between working hour flexibility and job satisfaction. |
| How effective is loftier school sex education at reducing teen pregnancies? | Teenagers who received sexual practice pedagogy lessons throughout high school will have lower rates of unplanned pregnancy than teenagers who did non receive any sex instruction. | Loftier school sexual activity education has no issue on teen pregnancy rates. |
| What effect does daily use of social media have on the attention bridge of under-16s? | There is a negative correlation between fourth dimension spent on social media and attention span in under-16s. | At that place is no relationship between social media use and attending span in under-16s. |
Frequently asked questions
- What is a hypothesis?
-
A hypothesis states your predictions well-nigh what your research will observe. It is a tentative answer to your enquiry question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might accept to write several hypotheses that address unlike aspects of your research question.
A hypothesis is not just a estimate — information technology should be based on existing theories and cognition. It besides has to exist testable, which means you can support or refute information technology through scientific enquiry methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of information).
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